Issue/Heft 22 (2024)

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© AFSV; Waldökologie, Landschaftsforschung und Naturschutz (Forest Ecology, Landscape Research and Nature Conservation) - Heft 22, 2024

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Impressum und Inhaltsverzeichnis

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BAUMBACH, L., KÜHL, N., FALK, W., FRISCHBIER, N., FRITZ, E., GEMBALLA, R., HAMKENS, H., REITER, P., SCHRÖDER, J., THURM, E.A., WELLER, A., ALBRECHT, A.: Synopse von Bundesländerverfahren zur Beurteilung der forstlichen Baumarteneignung im Klimawandel

(Synopsis of methods for the assessment of tree species suitability under climate change used by the German federal states)

Abstract
Tree species suitability assessments serve foresters as an important decision-making tool for the selection of site-adapted species, including regeneration planning under climate change conditions. This requires a comprehensive assessment covering a wide range of suitability aspects such as climate and soil conditions, mortality risks due to extreme events and pests, adaptability, growth performance, economic efficiency and the provision of ecosystem services. In the past, many such assessment approaches were developed at the level of the German federal states, resulting in a variety of different methods with different thematic priorities. To date, these methods have not been compared systematically with each other. This article provides a synopsis of the tree species suitability approaches of 13 German federal states. Particularly, we describe and compare the different aspects of suitability, methodological components, suitability classes and climatic sensitivity of the methods. In addition, we give an outlook on transferability and further development of the methods. In summary, most of the methods are based on site mapping data and have a dynamic climate component that allows for a projection of tree species suitability under future climate conditions. However, some methods are still heavily dependent on static and non-formalized expert assessments. These need to be gradually converted into a reproducible, rule-based form and, as far as possible, be backed up with (quantitative) data to make the approaches updatable. Particularly for the assessment of tree species mortality risks and productivity there are opportunities to expand largely expert-based assessments with dynamic model-based approaches. Importantly, further development of the assessment approaches also requires improved data availability with a focus on high-resolution, updated site mapping data.

>> Volltextversion (pdf 10.5 M; Heft 22-Aufsatz 6; Original paper; Language: Deutsch; urn:nbn:de:0041-afsv-02262)

STEINMANN, V., SUTTERLÜTTI, R., JANSEN, M.: Tiefendurchwurzelung von Waldbäumen in Nordwest-Deutschland

(Deep rooting of trees in North-West Germany)

Abstract
Many studies confirm that trees are able to form an extensive root system. However, little is known about the importance of deep roots for tree growth. To support the forest site mapping in assessing forest sites with regard to species selection, we aim to quantify the vertical fine root (<2 mm) distribution on unconsolidated Quaternary sediments. Using a modification of the profile wall method, we recorded the root distribution of seven species in a total of 62 profiles up to a maximum depth of 3.9 m. For all species with more than 5 replications, we tested the influence of the site characteristics as summarized by the indices for substrate, nutrient and water supply as well as the influence of the tree dimensions (height and diameter at breast height) on the maximum root depth and average number of roots in the first meter of the profile. We did not find a significant influence of the mentioned parameters on the maximum rooting depth. Therefore, we can interpret our results independently from the respective tree dimensions and profile characteristics. Total rooting depth varied between 60 cm and 3.9 m (maximum observed depth). We found rooting depths of >300 cm in more than 30 % of all observations. The rooting depth of spruce (173 cm ± 80 cm) was significantly lower than the one of beech (282 ± 74 cm) and Douglas-fir (275 ± 68 cm), but not significantly different from the one of European larch (209 ± 55 cm). Independent of the tree species, approximately 75 % of the observed fine root tips are located in the first metre of the profile. The results indicate that the rooting depth is influenced by nutrient availability in the profile. We found that profiles with carbonate in the subsoil show increased rooting depths in the case of beech trees. Besides the species-specific differences, nutrient availability seems to have a considerable impact on the distribution of fine roots. Using this method, we cannot ultimately determine the maximum rooting depth of trees. This is due to the occurrence of gaps with a maximum extent of 2,7 m along the vertical transect considered in the quantification of fine roots. The data obtained from the profiles do not conclusively show the maximum rooting depth. Therefore, we use the term “maximum observed rooting depth”.

>> Volltextversion (pdf 6.9 M; Heft 22-Aufsatz 7; Original paper; Language: Deutsch; urn:nbn:de:0041-afsv-02271)
  

FEULNER, M., MÜLLER, S., DAUM, S., PHILIPP, C.: Morphological and genetic heterogeneity in relict populations of Pinus rotundata in Northern Bavaria

(Morphologische und genetische Heterogenität in Reliktpopulationen der Moorspirke (Pinus rotundata) in Nordbayern)

Abstract
The bog pine, Pinus rotundata Link is a putative hybrid species derived from Pinus uncinata mainly distributed in the western Alps and Pyrenees and Pinus mugo, an eastern European species. It has a scattered and relictual distribution in Bavaria, found in bogs in the pre-alpine region and eastern Bavarian mountains, among them in north-eastern Bavaria the Fichtel Mountains (German: Fichtelgebirge) and the Upper Palatinate Forest (German: Oberpfälzer Wald). In this study, we investigated the genetics and cone morphology of 11 northern Bavarian populations using a chloroplast barcode marker (trnL-F) and measuring taxonomic relevant cone characters such as the size of cones and apophyse depth and width. We identified two different genetic variants, mostly occurring sympatrically, differing by one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (G, T) in trnL-F. The genetic variants partly overlap in cone morphology. However, the G-type exhibited stronger hook-shaped apophyses, resembling Pinus uncinata, while the T-type was closer to P. mugo. Distribution models revealed a relationship between genotype frequencies and space, with closer populations being more similar in frequency distributions of genotypes than distant populations. Moreover, the G-type (P. uncinata like plants) was more frequent in areas with harsher climates (higher elevation, shorter vegetation time) whereas the P. mugo like plants dominated at low elevation. Considering the old age and isolation of the relict populations, the polymorphic population structure consisting of at least two distinguishable subtypes is remarkable. Reproductive barriers not detected so far may be still effective within the populations. The rare T-type with P. mugo like cone morphology could be interpreted as a novelty pointing to some degree to hybrid speciation by transgression.

>> Volltextversion (pdf 1.8 M; Heft 22-Aufsatz 1; Original paper; Language: English; urn:nbn:de:0041-afsv-02218)

SOMMER, R.S., SCHNEIDER, J., ERTZINGER, P.: Baummikrohabitate und Vogelfauna an Altbäumen im Hutewald „Ivenacker Eichen“ (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Nordostdeutschland)

(Tree-related microhabitats and bird fauna at veteran trees in the pastoral forest „Ivenacker Eichen“ (Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Northeastern Germany))

Abstract
Tree-related microhabitats (TRM) are of high importance for strictly forest bound animal species. Birds as indicators for ecological forest conditions strongly depend on TRMs. In the well-known ancient pastoral forest “Ivenacker Eichen” within the Young Moraine landscape of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (northeastern Germany), fifteen veteran trees with high diameter at breast height (DBH) and of advanced age were investigated regarding abundance of TRMs after Bütler et al. (2020b). Species number and number of bird individuals were recorded five times per tree by 15 min visits during sunrise. Five ancient oaks (Quercus robur) with DBH of 215–365 cm had a mean number of 75.8 TRMs. For one single oak with an age of about 1,000 years with DBH of 365 cm about 157 TRMs were counted. Five further veteran oaks (Q. robur) with DBH of 125–155 cm had a mean number of 40.6 TRMs and five veteran beech trees (Fagus sylvatica) with DBH of 115–145 cm had a mean number of 28 TRMs. The diversity of TRMs (number of different TRM types per tree) revealed similar values for oaks (11.6) and beeches (11.4), with a higher value for the ancient oaks (17.2). Regarding bird abundance and diversity, there were no differences between tree groups. Altogether, 27 bird species were recorded at the fifteen trees and the five most frequently observed birds were blue tit, coal tit, chaffinch, starling and spotted flycatcher. Because of the remarkable DBH of the investigated trees, the high number of TRMs per tree as well as the difference in methodology in contrast to earlier studies, the reported results from veteran trees in the “Ivenacker Eichen” are considered unique and hardly comparable with earlier results.

>> Volltextversion (pdf 3.2 M; Heft 22-Aufsatz 2; Original paper; Language: Deutsch; urn:nbn:de:0041-afsv-02229)

ZERBE, S.: Multifunctionality of cultural landscapes beyond diversity of crops, land-use patterns, and ecosystem services

(Multifunktionalität von Kulturlandschaften: Mehr als nur die Vielfalt landwirtschaftlicher Kulturen, Landnutzungsmuster und Ökosystemleistungen)

Abstract
With the intensification of land-use and urbanization during the past decades, cultural landscapes throughout the world have considerably changed. Consequences on the global scale are the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. The concept of multifunctionality of landscapes has been introduced by science to qualitatively and quantitatively assess functions and services of cultural landscapes. It is implemented into environmental policy and landscape planning to promote sustainability on the landscape scale. However, diverse concepts and perceptions of “multifunctionality” developed which mainly focus on the multifunctionality of agriculture and patches of ecosystems and related services. Here, it is suggested to broaden the view of landscape multifunctionality towards a holistic perspective. This means that the multifunctionality of local communities with their economic diversification, functional settlement infrastructure, local educational systems, the variety of food processing, etc. are drivers for land-use multifunctionality. Accordingly, the economic, social, as well as ecological multifunctionality is reflecting the multifunctionality of the socio-ecological system of a cultural landscape. Today, traditional cultural landscapes often exhibit multifunctionality. Many initiatives on the regional, national, and international level focus on the preservation and restoration of those cultural landscapes. Biosphere reserves, for example, integrate the multifaceted interaction of people and nature for the sustainable use of the natural resources.

>> Volltextversion (pdf 1.0 M; Heft 22-Aufsatz 4; Original paper; Language: English; urn:nbn:de:0041-afsv-02246)

WEIGEL, C.: Nachruf auf Frau Prof. Dr. Gisela Jahn †

>> Volltextversion (pdf 547 K; urn:nbn:de:0041-afsv-02230)

KESSEL, N.: Buchbesprechung "Wörterbuch der Forstwirtschaft"

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